BASIC DENTAL MATERIALS

BASIC DENTAL MATERIALS Third Edition JOHN J MANAPPALLIL MDS ® JAYPEE BROTHERS MEDICAL PUBLISHERS (P) LTD New Delhi • St Louis (USA) • Panama City (Panama) • London (UK) • Ahmedabad Bengaluru • Chennai • Hyderabad • Kochi • Kolkata • Lucknow • Mumbai • Nagpur Published by Jitendar P Vij Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd Corporate Office 4838/24 Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi - 110002, India Phone: +91-11-43574357, Fax: +91-11-43574314 Registered Office B-3 EMCA House, 23/23B Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi - 110 002, India Phones: +91-11-23272143, +91-11-23272703, +91-11-23282021, +91-11-23245672 Rel: +91-11-32558559, Fax: +91-11-23276490, +91-11-23245683 e-mail: jaypee@jaypeebrothers.com, Website: www.jaypeebrothers.com Offices in India • Ahmedabad, Phone: Rel: +91-79-32988717, e-mail: ahmedabad@jaypeebrothers.com • Bengaluru, Phone: Rel: +91-80-32714073, e-mail: bangalore@jaypeebrothers.com • Chennai, Phone: Rel: +91-44-32972089, e-mail: chennai@jaypeebrothers.com • Hyderabad, Phone: Rel:+91-40-32940929, e-mail: hyderabad@jaypeebrothers.com • Kochi, Phone: +91-484-2395740, e-mail: kochi@jaypeebrothers.com • Kolkata, Phone: +91-33-22276415, e-mail: kolkata@jaypeebrothers.com • Lucknow, Phone: +91-522-3040554, e-mail: lucknow@jaypeebrothers.com • Mumbai, Phone: Rel: +91-22-32926896, e-mail: mumbai@jaypeebrothers.com • Nagpur, Phone: Rel: +91-712-3245220, e-mail: nagpur@jaypeebrothers.com Overseas Offices • North America Office, USA, Ph: 001-636-6279734 e-mail: jaypee@jaypeebrothers.com, anjulav@jaypeebrothers.com • Central America Office, Panama City, Panama Ph: 001-507-317-0160, e-mail: cservice@jphmedical.com Website: www.jphmedical.com • Europe Office, UK, Ph: +44 (0) 2031708910 e-mail: info@jpmedpub.com Basic Dental Materials © 2010, Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers All rights reserved. No part of this publication should be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means: electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the author and the publisher. This book has been published in good faith that the material provided by contributors is original. Every effort is made to ensure accuracy of material, but the publisher, printer and author will not be held responsible for any inadvertent error(s). In case of any dispute, all legal matters are to be settled under Delhi jurisdiction only. The author, contributors and the publishers have taken care to keep the information contained in this book accurate up to date. However, medical knowledge is constantly evolving and readers are cautioned to confirm that the information complies with government legislation and standards, especially with regard to drug dosage/usage. First Edition: 1998 Second Edition: 2003 Reprint: 2004, 2007, 2008 Third Edition: 2010 ISBN 978-81-8448-921-7 Typeset at JPBMP typesetting unit Printed at Ajanta Offset Dedicated to My Parents Rajashekar Sangur Professor and Head Department of Prosthodontics Rama Dental College-Hospital and Research Center Kanpur, UP, India G Vinaya Kumar Professor Department of Prosthodontics College of Dental Sciences Davengere Karnataka, India Akshay Bhargava Professor and Head Department of Prosthodontics and Implantology ITS, College of Dental Sciences and Research Muradnagar, Ghaziabad, UP, India Contributors Atley George Consultant Prosthodontist 94 Village Greenway Toronto, Canada Preface A successful dentist has to combine technical skills along with clinical knowledge. Dental materials is the backbone of dentistry. Knowledge of dental materials is one of the keys to a successful dental practice. To the beginner, the task may appear formidable because of the wide array of materials available. This is quite normal and fortunately disappears with familiarity. Dental materials does not end with the first year of the graduate training program. It is required throughout the course and subsequently for a successful practice. The popularity of the second edition was encouraging. The feedback helped in improving the current edition. Comments and suggestions may be e-mailed to me at jonsbin@yahoo.com—your feedback is valuable. Revising the edition was a huge challenge. Dental materials is a vibrant subject as new products are constantly appearing in the market. The book has been entirely reorganized reflecting these changes. More color illustrations have been added to improve clarity. A few of the materials have been eliminated from the book or just briefly mentioned as they are no longer marketed. Knowledge of the history of dental materials is useful to understand how these materials evolved and why newer materials were developed. Over the past decade, the field of ceramics has seen vast improvements. The chapter on ceramics had to be entirely revamped to reflect the significant advances in technology. Actual values of the various materials have been presented wherever possible. Knowledge of values improve depth of understanding and is useful for making comparisons. However, one must remember that these values are not necessarily absolute, variations can occur between brands and methods of testing. Climatic differences affect properties like working and setting times. Dentists in India are fortunate to have a wide choice of materials. In the past, however, the availability of materials in India was greatly limited, affecting the quality of both education and treatment. The economic liberalization of the late 1980s saw the opening of the market to a range of high quality international products. Some are entirely new products while others are modifications and improvements of existing materials. Dental practitioners should have a good understan