Intercellular Homeostasis

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• 
  @mikewick77(49)· 77d

  soluble fiber psyllium husk probiotics olive oil phenylalanine tyrosinase tyrosine lignin lignan phenols polyphenol benzene ring coq10 benzoquinone stem cells mylan sheth regeneration melanin melanocyte stem cells (McSCs) WNT catenin pathway palmitoyl copper acetyl tyrosine

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  this srem cell regeneration element is in the benzene ring of Tyrosine & CoQ10, its from plant fibers, requiring gut microbes.

  by taking Tyrosine or Phenylalanine supliments causes very unusual neurological disturbances.

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  Glyphosate Ingredients:

  Glycine Phosphorus Formaldehyde

  Neutralized By Benzene:

  Anthranilates Phosphanilates

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  natural Benzene Phenol from fiber fermentation makes CoQ10, Tyrosine & neutralizes Glyphosate.

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• 
  @mikewick77(49)· 101d

  Kratom

  Spice

  Spice (K2) Kratom (7-HMG)

  THC (JWH-018) Tetrahydrocannabinol Indole Alkaloid Naphthoyl Anandamide Acylethanolamine Arachidonoylethanolamine Virodhamine Eicosanoid Arachidonic Acid O-AEA Amide

  Kratom (7-HMG) Mitragynine Hydroxymitragynine
  Indole Alkaloid Benzene Pyrrole Nitro Phenyl Hydrocarbon Dimethyl Ether (DME) Methylal Methoxy Methoxymethane Methoxymethyl Methylating Reagents Ether Based Solvents
  Kakuam, Ketum, Biak Thom, Thang

  https://www.euda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/synthetic-cannabinoids_en

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• 
  @mikewick77(49)· 151d

  TMG

  NAC

  Methylene Blue

  The classification of amino acids into L and D isomers is based on the spatial arrangement of the amino group around the alpha-carbon, which determines their biological roles, susceptibility to enzymatic degradation, and interactions within proteins.

  While L-amino acids are the building blocks of proteins in eukaryotes, D-amino acids are found in bacterial cell walls, specialized signaling molecules, and some food products, often influencing protein folding and stability.

  They are often distinguished by their optical rotation of polarized light.

  Biological Synthesis: Ribosomal synthesis only uses L-amino acids, while D-amino acids can be produced by racemases.

  Environment Influence (Racemization): High pH, high temperature, or specific food processing methods can turn L-amino acids into D-amino acids.

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  Hydrogen peroxide solutions (3%‐35%) are diluted with water and stabilized with chemicals like Acetanilide (Nitrogen) to prevent rapid decomposition.

  Calcium peroxide decomposes hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen gas. Its reaction rate is increased by higher temperatures and lower pH. Calcium-based materials, similar to other metallic oxides, catalyze this exothermic breakdown. 

  Decomposition: Magnesium can act as a catalyst for the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide, causing it to break down into water and oxygen.

  Precipitation: In the presence of ammonia, adding hydrogen peroxide to a zinc solution causes a white or yellowish precipitate to form, indicating a direct reaction that alters the metal state.

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  Chiral Amines is centrally linked to L-amino-acid oxidase (LAAO), an enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative deamination of L-amino acids.

  L-Amino-Acid Oxidase (LAAO)

  LAAOs are flavoenzymes found in venoms and various organisms that catalyze the reaction:

  L-amino acid, Water, Oxygen, keto acid, Ammonia, Hydrogen Peroxide.

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  High Concentration: The prostate gland stores more zinc than any other soft tissue in the body, which is crucial for normal function.

  Women possess a functional equivalent to the male prostate known as the Skene’s glands (or paraurethral glands).

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• 
  @mikewick77(49)· 163d

  

  Pericyclic Analogies Transition State Structures Proton Affinities Electrocyclic and Sigmatropic Rearrangements

  http://blueline.ucdavis.edu/2ndTier/3rdTier/PeriAnalogies.html

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmatropic_reaction

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pericyclic_reaction

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2,3-sigmatropic_rearrangement

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  Molecular Hydrogen Hydrogen Atom Shift Hydride Shifts Proton Affinities Transition Metals Transition State Structures Rearrangements Electrocyclic Sigmatropic Pericyclic Reaction Ring Double Bonds Heterocyclic Heterolytic Homolytic Cleavage Hydrogen Atom Transfer (HAT) Pathways Methyl Donors (𝐶𝐻3) Methylation Cycloaddition Photoredox Catalysis

  Vitamin D3 Cholecalciferol Dehydrocholesterol Carbon 19 9 UVB Heat Light

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  Molecular Hydrogen H2 Gas Magnesium Hydrochloric Acid HCL Betaine

  Molecular hydrogen: a preventive and therapeutic medical gas for various diseases

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5731988/

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  Single-Displacement Reaction

  List of common metals that displace hydrogen from acids (arranged in order of reactivity)

  Reactive Metals:

  Lithium (Li) - Highly reactive Potassium (K) Barium (Ba) Calcium (Ca) Sodium (Na) Magnesium (Mg) Aluminum (Al) Manganese (Mn) Zinc (Zn) - Commonly used in lab Chromium (Cr) Iron (Fe) Cadmium (Cd) Cobalt (Co) Nickel (Ni) Tin (Sn) Lead (Pb) - Slow reaction 

  Metals such as Copper, Mercury, Silver, Platinum, and Gold are below hydrogen in the activity series and cannot displace hydrogen from dilute acids.

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• 
  @mikewick77(49)· 190d

  

  

  

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• 
  @mikewick77(49)· 196d

  Key Aspects of Boiling Vinegar/Water:

  Evaporation Process: While water evaporates more readily, acetic acid also vaporizes, resulting in a strong smell of vinegar filling the air.

  Concentration: If four cups of vinegar are boiled down to one cup, the resulting liquid is not simply four times as concentrated, because a significant amount of acetic acid also evaporates.

  The boiling point of typical household vinegar (4-6% acetic acid) is just above water, at approximately 100.6∘C.

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• 
  @mikewick77(49)· 232d

  PGE2 Prostaglandin E2 15-PGDH

  Quinoxaline Amide

  PGE2's Role: Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is a crucial lipid mediator that supports tissue repair, stem cell proliferation, and wound healing.

  15-PGDH as the Regulator: The enzyme 15-PGDH inactivates PGE2 by degrading it.

  Inhibition: Quinoxaline amide inhibitors block 15-PGDH, preventing PGE2 breakdown, which elevates local PGE2 concentrations.

  Therapeutic Effect: Higher PGE2 levels accelerate healing in various tissues, acting as a protective and regenerative signal.

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  PGE2 (Prostaglandin E2) is a crucial lipid mediator in inflammation, derived from arachidonic acid via cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, with its activity dependent on its carboxylic acid group interacting with receptors.

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  Taurine Chloramine (TauCl)

  Taurine, particularly its derivative taurine chloramine (TauCl), acts as an anti-inflammatory agent by inhibiting the production of Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), a key pro-inflammatory mediator, by downregulating cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression and activity, often via effects on NF-κB signaling, thereby reducing inflammation in conditions like rheumatoid arthritis and macrophage activation.

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  The Glutamine-Glutamate/GABA Cycle is a vital brain process where neurons release glutamate (excitatory) and GABA (inhibitory), which astrocytes then take up, convert to glutamine, and return to neurons, maintaining neurotransmitter balance and energy. Gluconate, a sugar acid, isn't directly part of this cycle but relates to energy (glucose metabolism) that fuels it. The cycle involves ions like Potassium (K+) released during neuronal firing, which astrocytes clear, influencing energy demands, while Magnesium (Mg2+) blocks NMDA receptors, regulating glutamate's excitatory power.

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  Glutamine Connective Tissues

  Connective Tissue Synthesis: Glutamine is essential for the health and repair of connective tissues because it is a critical precursor for collagen synthesis and the formation of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). These are the primary structural components of skin, tendons, ligaments, and cartilage in joints.

  Tissue Repair and Recovery: During stress, injury, or intense exercise, the demand for glutamine in these tissues increases significantly, making it a "conditionally essential" amino acid. Supplementation has been shown to support soft tissue recovery, enhance wound healing, and reduce inflammation, helping to restore tissue integrity and strength.

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  ammonium to help maintain acid-base balance

  Production: In the kidneys, primarily in the proximal tubules, glutamine is metabolized to produce ammonia (𝑁𝐻3) and equimolar bicarbonate (𝐻𝐶𝑂−3).

  Transport: The ammonia then binds with a proton (H+) to form ammonium (𝑁𝐻+4).

  Secretion: This ammonium is selectively transported into the urine for excretion, carrying the excess acid out of the body.

  Bicarbonate Generation: The bicarbonate produced during ammonia metabolism is released into the bloodstream, replenishing the body's bicarbonate buffer system. 

  Metabolic Acidosis: When the body becomes too acidic (e.g., from diabetic ketoacidosis or diarrhea), the kidneys increase ammonium production and excretion to get rid of acid and create bicarbonate.

  Medical Use: Ammonium chloride (a salt) can be given to treat conditions like metabolic alkalosis (too alkaline) because it provides ammonium, which is metabolized to generate acid and lower pH. 

  Excreting ammonium is the kidneys' main way to excrete fixed acid and generate new bicarbonate, making it essential for long-term acid-base balance, especially when the body needs to actively neutralize excess acid.

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  Ammonium (𝑁𝐻+4) is a critical component of the renal (kidney) system for maintaining acid-base balance in the body. It serves as the primary mechanism for net acid excretion, allowing the body to eliminate excess hydrogen ions (𝐻+) while simultaneously generating "new" bicarbonate (𝐻𝐶𝑂−3) to replenish blood buffers. 

  Urinary Buffering: Free hydrogen ions cannot be excreted in large quantities on their own because they would make the urine too acidic for the urinary tract. Ammonia (NH3) acts as a buffer by combining with secreted (H+) in the kidney tubules to form ammonium (NH+4), which is then safely excreted in the urine.

  Scalability During Acidosis: Ammonium excretion is the body's most scalable response to metabolic acidosis (excess acid). While other buffers like phosphate are limited by dietary intake, the kidneys can increase ammonium production more than tenfold to compensate for high acid loads.

  Elimination of Chloride: To maintain electrical neutrality in urine while getting rid of excess acid, the body often pairs the excretion of the positively charged ammonium ion with the negatively charged chloride ion (Cl-).

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  Nitrogen Assimilation: Plants and microorganisms convert inorganic nitrogen forms like nitrates (NO3-) and ammonium (NH4+) into organic molecules.

  Nitrification: Specific bacteria in the soil convert ammonium ions into nitrites, and then into nitrates.

  Nitrate Reduction: Plants absorb nitrates and reduce them to ammonium. This energy-intensive process uses energy generated from carbohydrate respiration to produce organic nitrogen compounds.

  Amino Acid Synthesis: Ammonium is combined with carbon skeletons (derived from carbohydrate metabolism, such as (alpha)-ketoglutarate from the citric acid cycle) to synthesize amino acids, with glutamic acid often being the first one formed.

  Collagen Synthesis: Glycine is the smallest and most simple amino acid and is a critical component of collagen. The unique structure of collagen, which gives connective tissues like skin, tendons, and ligaments their strength, requires glycine at every third position in its triple helix chains.

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  Tinea pedis (athlete's foot) thrives in more alkaline environments, so maintaining the skin's natural acid mantle (pH 4.5-5.5) inhibits fungal growth, while alkaline soaps raise skin pH, promoting fungal spread.

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  Ph & Quantity of Nitrogen bound to acidic H2+ Hydrogen Ions.

  Types of Nitrogen Sources Fungi and yeast exhibit great versatility in the types of nitrogen they can utilize.

  Fungi have sophisticated regulatory mechanisms, such as nitrogen metabolite repression and the TOR pathway.

  Preferred Sources: Most fungi and yeasts preferentially use simple, easily assimilable sources like ammonium ions and glutamine.

  Organic Sources: They readily use a wide variety of organic nitrogen, primarily in the form of Free Amino Nitrogen (FAN).

  Carbon Source: Higher sugar content (carbon source) often necessitates higher nitrogen supplementation.

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  Nitrogen Regulation Nitrogen Catabolite Repression (NCR)

  TOR Pathway Central Nutrient Sensor Target of Rapamycin (TOR) TORC1 (TOR Complex 1)

  TOR Controls NCR: The TOR pathway directly regulates NCR by controlling the nuclear access of NCR-activating transcription factors (Gln3p/Gat1p).

  TOR also links nitrogen sensing to other pathways, influencing TCA cycle intermediates (like (\alpha )-ketoglutarate) and global gene expression through chromatin modifications (histone acetylation).

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  Macrolide https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrolide

  Rapamycin Sirolimus Macrolide

  Rapamycin (Sirolimus) originates from a natural source: the soil bacterium Streptomyces hygroscopicus, discovered in a soil sample from Rapa Nui (Easter Island).

  Structure: Features a very large macrolactone ring, derived from acetate, propionate, and other building blocks.

  Longevity and Anti-Aging Research

  Rapamycin has become a prominent subject in aging research. 

  Mechanism: By inhibiting the mTOR pathway, rapamycin triggers cellular "housekeeping" processes like autophagy (the breakdown and recycling of damaged cell parts), which is associated with healthy cellular function and stress resilience.

  Cancer Treatment: Rapamycin analogs like everolimus and temsirolimus are used to treat certain types of cancers.

  mTOR inhibitors are a class of drugs used to treat several human diseases, including cancer, autoimmune diseases, and neurodegeneration.

  ..

  Rapamycin (sirolimus) an inhibitor of the mTOR protein, primarily targeting mTOR Complex 1 (mTORC1) by binding to FKBP12, forming a complex that blocks mTOR's kinase activity, thereby controlling cell growth, metabolism, and protein synthesis, with effects extending to autophagy, immune responses, and aging. 

  Therapeutic Uses: Used in cancer (renal cell carcinoma), organ transplantation, and being studied for age-related diseases and conditions like polycystic kidney disease and arthritis due to its control over growth and metabolism.

  Rapamycin (Sirolimus) synthesis involves polyketide synthase (PKS) machinery using precursors like 4,5-dihydrocyclohex-1-ene-carboxylic acid and pipecolate (derived from lysine), building a large macrolactone ring, with sugars (like glucose/dextrose in fermentation media) providing energy/carbon, while its cellular action involves inhibiting mTOR to regulate nutrient/growth pathways, affecting protein/lipid synthesis, mimicking amino acid starvation, and its formulation often uses sugars (like in overcoats) or requires careful pH/nutrient control (avoiding excess acid) for production. 

  Enzymatic Pathway: Uses a PKS/Nonribosomal Peptide Synthetase (NRPS) system.

  Sugar: Glucose, fructose, etc., used as nutrients for production and in formulations.

  Carboxylic Acid: A functional group present in the molecule and its precursors, influencing its synthesis and chemical modification.

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  Fungicides like rapamycin (sirolimus) target the fungal and mammalian cell growth pathway by inhibiting the mTOR protein (Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin) within the mTOR Complex 1 (mTORC1); they do this by first binding to the intracellular receptor FKBP12, forming a complex that then blocks mTORC1's kinase activity, shutting down protein synthesis and cell proliferation, explaining its antifungal, immunosuppressant, and potential anti-cancer roles.

  Rapamycin-FKBP12 complex acts as a "gain-of-function" inhibitor by binding to the FKBP12.

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  Macrolides vs Microtubule-Destabilizing Agent

  Macrolides: A broader class of antibiotics; some, like certain toxins, can prevent tubulin polymerization, but this isn't the defining feature of therapeutic rapamycin.

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• 
  @mikewick77(49)· 265d

  

  Hydrogen Donor Nattokinase

  In the serine protease subtilisin, the amino acids aspartic acid, histidine, and serine form a catalytic triad. Serine acts as the primary hydrogen donor to the histidine residue, which in turn is stabilized by the aspartic acid residue.

  Roles of the Catalytic Triad in Subtilisin:

  The three residues work in concert through a charge-transfer system to facilitate the hydrolysis of peptide bonds.

  Serine (Ser221 in subtilisin):

  The hydroxyl group of serine is the nucleophile that directly attacks the substrate's peptide bond. It acts as a hydrogen donor to the histidine in the initial steps of the reaction mechanism, becoming a highly reactive alkoxide ion.

  Histidine (His64 in subtilisin):

  This residue acts as a general acid/base. It accepts a proton from the serine, thereby activating it for nucleophilic attack. It later donates this proton to the leaving group (the N-terminus of the cleaved peptide) and then abstracts a proton from a water molecule during the deacylation phase.

  Aspartic Acid (Asp32 in subtilisin):

  This residue's primary role is to orient and stabilize the histidine residue through hydrogen bonding. The negative charge of the aspartate carboxylate group helps to stabilize the positive charge that forms on the histidine during the catalytic cycle, which enhances the histidine's ability to abstract a proton from serine and makes the serine a better nucleophile.

  The arrangement of these three residues, despite having different positions in the primary sequence compared to other serine proteases like chymotrypsin, creates an identical 3D active site arrangement, a classic example of convergent evolution.

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  In the serine protease subtilisin, the aspartic acid, histidine, and serine residues form a catalytic triad that works together to perform hydrolysis of peptide bonds. The triad functions as a charge-relay system to make the serine a potent nucleophile.

  Roles of the Catalytic Triad in Subtilisin Serine:

  This residue acts as the primary nucleophile. Its hydroxyl group is activated to perform a nucleophilic attack on the carbonyl carbon of the substrate's peptide bond, which is the key step in breaking the bond.

  Histidine:

  The histidine residue acts as a general base and then a general acid during the reaction cycle. It accepts a proton from the serine's hydroxyl group, increasing the serine's reactivity. Later in the reaction (during deacylation), it acts as a hydrogen donor to the leaving group and then a base again to activate a water molecule for the second nucleophilic attack.

  Aspartic Acid:

  The aspartic acid's carboxyl group helps to correctly orient the histidine residue and stabilize the positive charge that develops on the histidine during the reaction's transition states. It makes the histidine a more effective base and prevents the accumulation of an unstable positive charge, which is crucial for efficient catalysis.

  This spatial arrangement, along with an "oxyanion hole" that stabilizes the negatively charged tetrahedral intermediate that forms during the reaction, allows the enzyme to cleave peptide bonds with high efficiency. This mechanism is a classic example of convergent evolution, as it is found in many different, evolutionarily unrelated proteases.

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  In biology, H+ ions (protons) are donated by a wide range of molecules, primarily those containing polar covalent bonds to electronegative atoms like oxygen and nitrogen, as well as certain specialized carbon-hydrogen bonds.

  The most common biological H+ donors are acids, water, and specific functional groups within macromolecules. 

  Major H+ Donors in Biological Systems Small Molecules & Ions Water:

  The most abundant H+ donor and acceptor, constantly exchanging protons in a flicker of reactions essential for life.

  Organic Acids:

  Carboxylic acids:

  Found in amino acids (aspartic acid, glutamic acid) and metabolic intermediates like pyruvate, lactate, and citrate.

  Phosphates:

  Key components of nucleotides (ATP, NADP+) and the DNA/RNA backbone; their hydroxyl groups readily donate protons.

  Buffer Systems:

  Carbonic acid:

  Part of the primary buffer system in the blood, dissociating into bicarbonate and a proton.

  Ammonium ions:

  Can act as H+ donors in various contexts. 

  Macromolecules (Proteins, Nucleic Acids, etc.) Proteins and Amino Acids:

  Charged amino acid side chains:

  The protonated forms of arginine (argininium), lysine (lysinium), and histidine (histidinium) are the strongest H-bond donors.

  Polar amino acid side chains:

  The hydroxyl groups of serine, threonine, and tyrosine, and the amide groups of asparagine and glutamine, also function as donors.

  Peptide backbone:

  The amide groups in the protein backbone are crucial donors for stabilizing secondary structures like alpha-helices and beta-sheets.

  Nucleic Acids (DNA and RNA):

  Nitrogenous bases:

  Specific amine and ring nitrogen groups in adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine/uracil serve as donors in base pairing (Watson-Crick hydrogen bonding).

  Sugar backbone:

  Hydroxyl groups on the ribose or deoxyribose sugars are involved in intramolecular hydrogen bonds that stabilize structure.

  C-H groups:

  Even certain polarized C-H groups, particularly those adjacent to electronegative atoms within proteins and nucleic acids, can act as weak, but structurally significant, H-bond donors.

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• 
  @mikewick77(49)· 279d

  

  

  Carboxylic Acid Bicarbonate

  Monocarboxylic Dicarboxylic Tricarboxylic

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  Simple molecule shows remarkable Alzheimer’s reversal in rats

  https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2025/11/251118220052.htm

  compounds function as copper chelator

  N-Acetylcysteine Amide Aminoquinoline Primaquine Quinoline

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  is this article saying amyloid plaque is basically a copper disease & can be broken down by antimalarials & chelation?

  except the shot clots are primarily Tin, so same general idea but with Tin instead of Copper.

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  A copper chelator is a molecule that binds to copper atoms, often forming a ring structure through multiple bonds.

  Examples of copper chelators

  Penicillamine: A well-known chelating agent used to treat Wilson's disease, a genetic disorder that causes copper to accumulate in the body.Trientine and Dimercaptosuccinic acid: Other drugs that form complexes with copper, which are then excreted in the urine.Tetrathiomolybdate: This chelator promotes the excretion of copper through the bile.Novel compounds for Alzheimer's: Researchers are developing new molecules, such as bis-8-aminoquinolines, that can specifically target and remove copper from complexes with amyloid-beta plaques, a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease.N-acetylcysteine amide (AD4): This compound can cross the blood-brain barrier and chelate copper, which prevents it from catalyzing the formation of free radicals linked to neurodegenerative diseases like multiple sclerosis.

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  @mikewick77(49)· 296d

  Methylated Arginine ADMA & L-NMMA

  Asymmetric Arginine Monomethylated Arginine Methylated Arginine Protein Degradation Protein Detoxification

  Arginine Cysteine Methylation Dimethylargininase Nitrosamine

  Glutamine Glutamate Glutathione Homocysteine

  ..

  Polyphenol antioxidants also play a role in down-regulating homocysteine.

  Nitrosamine formation during digestion

  Methylated arginine metabolites that are produced from protein degradation

  An excess of RNS (nitrosative stress) or reactive oxygen species (ROS) can impair vascular function. The reduction in NO bioavailability caused by ADMA accumulation is a key aspect of this dysfunction.

  Elevated ADMA not only reduces NO production but can also induce the formation of more harmful oxidative and nitrosative species.

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  Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA)

  Protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs)

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrosamine_formation_during_digestion

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymmetric_dimethylarginine

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimethylargininase

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_detoxification

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  Oxalate, inflammasome, and progression of kidney disease

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4891250/

  Acidosis and citrate: provocative interactions

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6186559/

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• 
  @mikewick77(49)· 318d

  Association Between Folic Acid Prescription Fills and Suicide Attempts and Intentional Self-harm Among Privately Insured US Adults

  https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/2796907

  study of folic acid found a beneficial association in terms of lower rates of suicide attempts.

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  hydrogen proton donor ch3 methyl ascorbate

  vitamin c hydrogen proton donor demethylation makes ch3 methyl donor & K2.

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  Ascorbate regulation and its neuroprotective role in the brain

  Does Vitamin C Influence Neurodegenerative Diseases and Psychiatric Disorders?

  Vitamin C modulates glutamate transport and NMDA receptor function in the retina

  Central Role of Glutamate Metabolism in the Maintenance of Nitrogen Homeostasis in Normal and Hyperammonemic Brain

  Glutamine and its relationship with intracellular redox status, oxidative stress and cell proliferation/death

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• 
  @mikewick77(49)· 338d

  PI3K/AKT/mTOR PI3K-mTOR Decoupling SIN3-HDAC Inhibition
  α-ketoglutarate (a-KG) Chromatin Remodeling Transcriptional Derepression Histone Deacetylase HDAC Chloride Channel Activation

  PI3K/mTOR INHIBITION MARKEDLY POTENTIATES HDAC INHIBITOR ACTIVITY IN NHL CELLS THROUGH BIM- and MCL-1-DEPENDENT MECHANISMS

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4166554/

  https://www.airmidbiogenetics.com/gene-reprogramming-paper

  Ascorbate also directly modulates the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway

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• 
  @mikewick77(49)· 355d

  Dechelation of green chlorophyll to yellow pheophytin Dechelation: In an acidic environment, chlorophyll's green color degrades into a brownish-yellow compound called pheophytin.Mechanism: This occurs as hydrogen ions ((H^{+})) from the acid replace the central magnesium ((Mg^{2+})) ion in the chlorophyll molecule. This change in the molecule's structure shifts the pigment, resulting in the olive-brown or yellowish color.Example: This is a common process in food science, where vegetables lose their vibrant green color during cooking or pickling due to the presence of acids. Lactic acid fermentation, which lowers the pH, also drives this chemical reaction. Fermentation by yeast Process: Yeast (e.g., Saccharomyces cerevisiae) can ferment plant material, consuming sugars and producing organic acids, carbon dioxide, and other compounds.Nutritional enhancement: As part of this process, yeast can increase the nutritional quality of food. This includes synthesizing B vitamins (especially B9 and B12 in fortified versions) and breaking down complex molecules into more bioavailable nutrients.Polyphenol synthesis: During fermentation, microorganisms can also secrete enzymes that alter the plant's existing polyphenols. This can release bound phenolic compounds, modify their structure, and produce new, smaller phenolic molecules that have enhanced bioactivity. Ascorbate metabolism Limited synthesis: While yeasts are known to produce various vitamins, the industrial production of ascorbic acid ((C_{6}H_{8}O_{6})) or vitamin C typically involves a two-step fermentation process by specific bacteria, not yeast alone.Degradation in plants: In plants, L-ascorbic acid and other phenolic compounds degrade during fermentation, particularly in anaerobic solid-state fermentation. Proposed integrated process and outcome Based on the described steps, here is how the integrated process would likely unfold and what the final product would be: Preparation: Green plant material containing chlorophyll is shredded and salted.Lactic acid fermentation: The natural sugars in the plant material are fermented by lactic acid bacteria. This produces organic acids, causing the pH to drop and initiating the dechelation of chlorophyll.Color change: The acidic environment causes the chlorophyll to lose its central magnesium ion and turn into yellowish-brown pheophytin.Yeast and nutrient enhancement: The addition of "nutrition enhanced yeast" would supplement the fermentation, producing B vitamins, including B12, and potentially improving the bioavailability of minerals like zinc and selenium.Antioxidant modification: The yeast's enzymatic activity would release bound polyphenols from the plant's cell walls, increasing the total antioxidant content and bioavailability.Flavor profile: The combination of lactic acid fermentation and yeast activity would result in a complex, tangy flavor profile characteristic of fermented vegetables and other yeast-fermented products. The end result would be a nutritionally dense, yellowish, and sour-tasting fermented food. The sour taste would come from the organic acids produced during fermentation, and the color change from green to yellow would be the result of acid-driven pheophytin formation. The nutritional value would be enhanced by the yeast, increasing its vitamin and mineral content.

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• 
  @mikewick77(49)· 370d

  

  Biosynthesis of Vitamin C Ascorbic Acid Generation Aldonolactone Oxidoreductase Vanillyl Alcohol Oxidase Gulono Lactone Oxidas GULO Gene Activation Lactone Glucose

  Tryptophan Tetrahydrobiopterin Serotonin Melatonin Inositol Glycine Thiosugar

  ..

  Structure, mechanism, and evolution of the last step in vitamin C biosynthesis

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-48410-1

  Advances in Novel Animal Vitamin C Biosynthesis Pathways and the Role of Prokaryote-Based Inferences to Understand Their Origin

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9602106/

  Vitamin C Supplementation Improves Chronic Kidney Disease

  https://orthomolecular.org/resources/omns/v15n18.shtml

  Vitamin C and alcohol: a call to action

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7678474/

  Vitamin C and sodium bicarbonate enhance the antioxidant ability of H9C2 cells and induce HSPs to relieve heat stress

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6045543/

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  VC is also a cofactor in the conversion of violaxanthin to zeaxanthin, catalyzed by violaxanthin de-epoxidase during the xanthophyll cycle, contributing to the protection of the photosynthetic apparatus from photodamage in excess light conditions.

  Hair loss and poor haircoat are reported; vitamin C is important in the disulfide bonding of hair.

  ..

  finding clues regarding a connection between genetic errors, metabolic pathway malfunction & how it appears directly connected to the reason humans do not make vitamin C like most other plants & animals.

  its all interconnected in one single genetic malfunction to a single enzyme reaction.

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  Chromatin

  https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatin

  ..

  Vanillyl Alcohol Oxidase (VAO) is a fungal flavoenzyme, particularly found in lignin-degrading ascomycetes, that catalyzes the oxidation of various para-substituted phenols. It belongs to a family of oxidoreductases sharing a conserved FAD-binding domain, with the enzyme itself named for its ability to oxidize vanillyl alcohol to vanillin.

  ..

  Flavoenzymes Biocatalytic Applications

  Flavoenzymes are colourful oxidoreductases, some flavoenzymes the isoalloxazine ring of the flavin is covalently linked to a His, Cys or Tyr residue of the polypeptide chain, typically contain either a FMN or a FAD cofactor,

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• 
  @mikewick77(49)· 381d

  Parkinson's Link to Gut Bacteria Hints at an Unexpected, Simple Treatment

  https://www.sciencealert.com/parkinsons-link-to-gut-bacteria-hints-at-an-unexpected-simple-treatment

  Meta-analysis of shotgun sequencing of gut microbiota in Parkinson’s disease

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41531-024-00724-z

  ..

  this article explains how the gut imbalance creates amyloid fibrils & a deficiency in riboflavin and biotin.

  Riboflavin has what appears as a Vitamin-C component.

  Ribitol (Ribose) Isoalloxazine

  Biotin has a Sulfur molecule.

  Alanine  Pimeloyl-CoA

  ..

  ATP modulates self-perpetuating conformational conversion generating structurally distinct yeast prion amyloids that limit autocatalytic amplification

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10149227/

  this article explains how Magnesium & ATP isolated promotes Amyloid Aggregation.

  to me this is why Nitrogen & Sulfur are also required for NAD+ for ATP to fold protein correctly.

  similar to how Amino, Taurine & Osmolytes are directly involved with protein folding.

  in needs the Nitrogen, Sulfur & Magnesium to do the correct thing.

  people on Redit forms talk about the extreme & negative reactions they have with NAC & Magnesium Glycinate.

  this puzzled me for months, my conclusion is its triggers a powerful metabolic reactions, and the consequence is powerful redox & detox "Herx" reactions, not very pleasant, but may be beneficial in the long term.

  ..

  long Covid is this perpetual Hypokalemia, an Alkalosis & Acidosis cycling?

  what caught my attention is the relationship between magnesium ion, fibrils formation and Glyphosate to Magnesium binding, that causes a Potassium channel collapse.

  if we can pinpoint the very first domino, it would help break the cycle of chronic deterioration.

  Electrolyte may be the cascade cycle, but the infection part is a completely different part, more leaning towards a Nitrogen & Sulfur via simple amino glucose binder & amyloid neutralizing.

  both parts together may be a cure.

  im currently testing together

  Sodium Chloride Magnesium Chloride Potassium Chloride Glycine (Nitrogen) DMSO (Sulfur)

  basically something like Sea Salt & NAC

  only Magnesium Threonate & Taurine seem capable of passing BBB.

  Threonate is a Ascorbate derivative, tasts sweet like Glycine.

  Taurine is Nitrogen & Sulfur.

  all combined appears to unfolds misfolded proteins, for protein remodeling.

  Potassium deposits are found around Amyloid plaques, and the Iron fallout makes the radicals.

  Potassium has a 90% absorption rate, while Magnesium has 10%, and 1% passes BBB.

  the standard supliment ratio of Electrolytes is recommended 3000 mg of Potassium & Sodium and only 300mg of magnesium, yet magnesium is mostly not absorbed.

  this seems like an odd raito, likely needs more Magnesium with a chelate buffer to bind it to, like NAC.

  just seems like post covid is so many degeneration symptoms, or the previous problems enhanced, whatever regenerates is likely the same thing that kills off the gmo parasites or hybrid viruses.

  could it be similar mycotoxins as something like glyphosate in our foods? and glyphosate-like toxins knock out Magnesium, then knock out Potassium, then knock out Iron hemoglobins, like dominos?

  a series of events, that have to be fixed in a specific order.

  testing NAD Precursors, NAC, Niacin, Coenzyme-A Precursors with MSM ect.. they appear to do nothing without the electrolytes being balanced first.

  regeneration begins in a series of steps, Magnesium & Potassium Homeostasis appears to be the first step.

  i tested NAC, DMSO, MSM, Niacin, Glycine, Betaine ect.. to attempt to get inflammation down get NAD producing more energy.

  handfuls do nothing, just kept getting hotter, sun sensitivity, sweating heat.

  only Magnesium with Potassium & Sea Salt caused an instant cooling & calming effect.

  years of testing, the very first step to regeneration health is Magnesium & Potassium Homeostasis.

  all vitamins are at a metabolic block at an enzyme, starting with Vitamin A on down, everything is dependent upon Magnesium & Potassium Homeostasis.

  B1 Thiamine is the same, not only does it require Magnesium to flip enzymes & metabolisms, but also Potassium.

  without both everything stops functioning, then begins to chelate both minerals completely out of the cells.

  i think its like an old carburetor vs fuel injection, it needs everything perfectly setup for ignition.

  ..

  Metabolic Alkalosis & Iron Fallout.

  what it seems is ..

  Amyloid, Prion, Mycotoxins & Glyphosate ect.. bind with Magnesium, this triggers Intracellular Potassium loss, triggering Metabolic Alkalosis of the cells, trigger bloos Acidosis, triggering Heme Iron release.

  just speculating the first domino is Magnesium disfunction vis toxic binding, triggering a fundamental Ph disruption, electrolyte homeostasis disruption.

  seems like the "virus" or mycoplasma infection is very specifically blocking a metabolic process via an enzyme reaction, specifically regarding a Magnesium reaction.

  ..

  DMSO is kind of useless by itself, no matter what people say, but combined correctly is a finely crafted weapon.

  DMSO seems best in Castor as a thickener, less likely to spill over, just seems better overall, less hot harsh.

  but thats still not the medicine, its not actually doing anything yet.

  any ingredients additional should be totally safe in all ways, meaning no Zinc, because an overdose is a little more then a pinch.

  Magnesium is ultra safe, so a fantastic candidate.

  i really suspect its much better to add a few key things to the DMSO, because pure or even watered down, i suspect it Chelates all the good stuff first, like Magnesium, introduced a deficiency.

  an my general idea is.. what does the cell want for registration, what parts are being disturbed by disease, whether parasite, bacteria or virus, what breaks up the biofilm, and if the medicine is connected to what the cell already wants then it makes it easier, break up toxic acids & the feed cells.

  likely the cells already have enough of what they already want, like Phosphorus, its just stuck in biofilms.

  so maybe instead if Citric use Vitamin C, for a Reducing Agent, because its probably easier for the delicate cellular metabolism.

  i suspect Magnesium & Potassium are deficient in chronic disease, so maybe a little of that.

  Sea Salt may be good to help flush with the Vitamin C, to get the ions reduced into monoatomic ions.

  all the B Vitamins & Amino Acids are heavy in simple Nitrogens, so thats another possibility, it seems like DMSO binds or chelates the to Nitrogen, so might need a little extra of that.

  i kind of try to make everything approximately in even amounts.

  but if im correct in my imagination, about how all this should work, it should both kill parasites, cancer ect.. & protect the normal cellular functions.

  for some reason the Sulfur & Nitrogen with a Charged Ion (Reduced/Redoxed) really whacks parasites & cleans things up in cells.

  like a copper tube with a magnet dropped inside, it slowes everything down for disease within the microtubules, enough time for the immune system to locate it & fight it.

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• 
  @mikewick77(49)· 401d

  Magnesium Taurinate

  Magnesium Threonate

  Magnesium Glycinate

  Taurinate Threonate

  https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Magnesium-taurinate

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• 
  @mikewick77(49)· 424d

  Magnesium MG2+ NMDA GABA MAO-A Pathways Receptors Dopamine Tryptophan Hydroxylase Serotonin Melatonin Methyl Aspartate Glutamate Theanine CREB (cAMP response element-binding protein)

  Lipid Lipidprotein Hydrogen Ion

  https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amyloid-beta_precursor_protein

  https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatic_recombination

  ..

  https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloride_shift

  https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonic_anhydrase_4

  ..

  Taurine from tumour niche drives glycolysis to promote leukaemogenesis

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09018-7

  Magnesium Ion: A New Switch in Tumor Treatment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11351748/

  Myth or Reality—Transdermal Magnesium?

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5579607/

  Candida And Magnesium Deficiency

  https://www.thecandidadiet.com/candida-magnesium-deficiency/

  Magnesium ions and dementia

  https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2324242624000019

  The role of N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) receptor-mediated neurotransmission in the pathophysiology and therapeutics of psychiatric syndromes

  https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0924977X97000503

  Magnesium enhances the chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells by inhibiting activated macrophage-induced inflammation

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5821731/

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• 
  @mikewick77(49)· 452d

  

  

  

  Electron-Donor Methyl-Donor Hydrogen-Donor Nitrogen-Doner

  DMSO (Sulfur) Monounsaturated Oil (Hydrogen) Niacin (Nitrogen)

  Antioxidant Reducing Agents

  Hydrogen Atom Transfer (HAT):

  Single Electron Transfer (SET)

  ..

  Oil

  [ DMSO ] [ Castor Oil ]

  Carbon Hydrogen Monounsaturated Oil

  Water

  [ Niacin ] [ Honey ]

  Carbon Nitrogen Amino Protein

  ..

  amylin islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) autophagy pancreas

  MUFA PUFA DMSO sulfur antioxidant solvent oxidation squalene triterpene triterpenoid oleanolic acid

  sulfur-based functional groups with unsaturated polymer chains.

  Thioesters (Sulfur) formed from coenzyme A, for fatty acid synthesis.

  Mono- and bicyclic squalene derivatives as potential proxies for anaerobic photosynthesis in lacustrine sulfur-rich sediments.

  The double bonds (unsaturated chains) in squalene provide the basis for its cyclization into various triterpenoid structures.

  Squalene: A Triterpene with Unsaturated Chains Synthesized from Acetyl-CoA 

  Squalene is a naturally occurring, highly unsaturated hydrocarbon that belongs to the class of triterpenes. It is a precursor molecule for the biosynthesis of all animal and plant steroids, including cholesterol. 

  Biosynthesis: Squalene is synthesized through the mevalonic acid (MVA) pathway or, in some prokaryotes, through the 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway. In eukaryotes, the MVA pathway begins with the condensation of three acetyl-CoA molecules.

  Cholesterol synthesis, also known as cholesterologenesis, is a multistep enzymatic process that occurs in the liver's hepatic cells. It starts with acetyl-CoA and takes place in both the cytosol and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of the hepatocytes. The ER is the primary site of synthesis. 

  Lacustrine Lanosterol Cholesterol Carotenoid

  Hydroxyl & Ketone Functional Groups

  Cyclization: Two farnesyl pyrophosphate molecules combine to form squalene, which is then cyclized to form lanosterol.

  Conversion: Lanosterol is converted to cholesterol through a series of steps.

  HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein) Cholesterol:

  DMSO has been shown to increase levels of apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I), a key protein component of HDL.This increase in apoA-I is associated with a corresponding increase in secreted HDL.

  Sulfur-containing amino acids (SAAs) are potent modulators of lipid metabolism. SAAs have been shown to increase HDL cholesterol levels.

  ..

  https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleanolic_acid

  https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organosulfur_chemistry

  Terpenoid Synthesis

  https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/chemistry/terpenoid-synthesis

  ..

  Methylene Blue (MB):

  Mechanism:

  MB acts as a cofactor for the enzyme methemoglobin reductase, which converts methemoglobin back into hemoglobin, allowing it to carry oxygen. 

  Mainly used for methemoglobinemia, especially in cases of acetaminophen overdose. 

  Effectiveness:

  NAC is generally considered the best treatment for acetaminophen overdose, and it can reduce methemoglobin levels. 

  NAC is generally considered a safer alternative to MB for individuals with G6PD deficiency. 

  Elaboration: Methemoglobin:

  When the iron in hemoglobin is oxidized, it becomes methemoglobin, which cannot carry oxygen.

  Studies have demonstrated that NAC can significantly reduce DMSO-induced intracellular and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation.

  Solubility in DMSO vs. Other Solvents:

  Nicotinic acid is more soluble in DMSO than in water, ethanol, acetone, or diethyl ether. 

  Highly Soluble:

  DMSO is a good solvent for niacin, offering a solubility that is higher than what would be expected based on ideal behavior. 

  ..

  getting some good outcomes lately, testing the idea that Castor or Olive oil & DMSO not only make HDL (good) Cholesterol, but converts the bad Cholesterol into good, because of the Antioxidant activity of being an Electron/Hydrogen Donor.

  the reason for this is not clearly explained on the internet, but according to the definition of "Antioxidant", DMSO & Castor Oil.

  seems to appear to match the requirements, at the smallest atomic level, hydrogen is the main component of oil.

  hydrogen is a proton (electron), and HDL cholesterol is synthesized via coenzyme-A (sulfur).

  found evidence that DMSO & Castor (any oil) is capable of neutralize & reversing amyloidosis & prion misfolding, specifically because of the powerful antioxidant properties of this Hydrogen Sulfur combination.

  i noticed eye floaters after using Fenbendazole, killed parasites living in my eyes, the remains never dissolved.

  so the eye dosnt seem to generate the enzymes to break it down, this reminds me of amyloid plaque, in that its exceptionally tough.

  DMSO does a lot of different things by itself, but may require the Hydrogen from the oil to work on really tough proteins.

  the eye tests are interesting because eyes are natural microscopes, so immediate confirmation its does or does not break things up.

  DMSO & Castor may be acting as both an Electron & Hydrogen Donor, making it a very potent antioxidant plus, something else is going on.

  trying to get an answer, does DMSO & MSM bind toxic Reactive Nitrogen/Oxygen Species, and restructure them back into antioxidants & amino acids.

  ive drank a shot of DMSO at 50/50 raito in both water & oil.

  the water does not dilute the almost instant gut punch & bathroom gunpowder blowout.

  but with the oil mixed it goes everywhere in the body, almost instantly from head to toe.

  DMSO alone appears to strip the oil attributes of Hydrogen, dries everything out, with water its just for topical.

  i dont think DMSO alone is key, needs the oil too, otherwise it makes me feel flushed & i think pure DMSO stripes away the body oils, so add it along to make it more neutral to cells.

  DMSO Dimethyl sulfoxide, it has the "Methyl" part, but not the 3 Hydrogen Atoms to make "Methyl Doner" (CH3) in the oil, without it it may even accept Hydrogen, essentiality striping the cholesterol & fatty acids required for cellular homeostasis.

  too much DMSO & Oil seems to trigger Mass Cell Activation of Histamine &/or Reductive Stress, by the antioxidant activity of taking too much ROS & RNS, requiring Hydrogen Peroxide to neutralize the Sulfur.

  ..

  Antioxidative reductive stress, also known as reductive stress, is a condition where there's an excess of reducing equivalents, like NADH and glutathione, compared to oxidized equivalents, disrupting normal cell processes. 

  Reductive stress, while seemingly the opposite of oxidative stress, is a state where the cellular environment is too "reduced," leading to imbalances in redox reactions and potentially causing various harmful effects. While oxidative stress is often associated with high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) like hydrogen peroxide, reductive stress can also lead to the production of ROS.

  Excessive antioxidant activity, prolonged antioxidant signaling, mitochondrial dysfunction, and overactivation of NRF2 pathways can all contribute to reductive stress. 

  Reductive Stress (RS)

  https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reductive_stress

  Antioxidative Stress 

  https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioxidative_stress

  Reductive stress in cancer: coming out of the shadows

  https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2405803323002133

  A dose-dependent effect of dimethyl sulfoxide on lipid content, cell viability and oxidative stress in 3T3-L1 adipocytes

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6197677/

  ..

  [Cold Shock protection]

  Hydrogen Sulfur

  Carbon

  Oxygen Nitrogen

  [Heat Shock protection]

  Oxidizing Agents:

  Citric Acid Hydrogen Peroxide Peroxy-Citric Acid

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• 
  @mikewick77(49)· 501d

  Nixtamalization Alkaline Blanching Nitrogen to Niacin

  Soaking corn kernels in an alkaline solution, like lime or wood ash, before cooking. This alkaline treatment releases niacin (vitamin B3) from the corn, making it bioavailable.

  Lime and ash are highly alkaline: the alkalinity helps the dissolution of hemicellulose, the major glue-like component of the maize cell walls, and loosens the hulls from the kernels and softens the maize. The tryptophan in corn proteins is made more available for human absorption, thus helping to prevent niacin deficiency. Tryptophan is the metabolic precursor of endogenous niacin (Vitamin B3).

  Nixtamalized corn has several benefits over unprocessed grain: It is more easily ground, its nutritional value is increased, flavor and aroma are improved, and mycotoxins are reduced by up to 97–100% (for aflatoxins).

  In the first step of nixtamalization, kernels of dried maize are cooked in an alkaline solution at or near the mixture's boiling point. 

  Some of the corn oil is broken down into emulsifying agents (monoglycerides and diglycerides), while bonding of the maize proteins to each other is also facilitated. The divalent calcium in lime acts as a cross-linking agent for protein and polysaccharide acidic side chains.

  ..

  Nixtamalization:

  Definition:

  A traditional food processing technique for corn (maize) that involves cooking it in an alkaline solution. 

  Impact on Nutrients:

  Nixtamalization can improve the bioavailability of some nutrients, including certain minerals and vitamin B3

  Relevance to Homeostasis and Redox:

  The alkaline solution can enhance the solubility and bioavailability of certain metal ions, which can influence ion homeostasis and potentially impact redox-related enzyme activity. 

  https://www.cimmyt.org/news/what-is-nixtamalization/

  ..

  Nixtamalization

  convert Carbon, Nitrogen & Sulfur from Plant Biomass (weeds, tumbleweed, grass) into bioavailable Niacin & MSM pulp.

  all the green plants & even the dried up weeds, all of it is loaded with Nitrogen locked into complex compounds.

  needs a Alkaline Blanch, briefly immersed in boiling water.

  if the world goes upside down for a little while, this is both a simple food manufacturing process & medicine.

  out of yard weeds, a little fire & water & wood ash.

  ..

  Preparing the Alkaline Solution:

  Traditionally, a solution of water and lime (calcium hydroxide) was used. The lime (or wood ash) is typically dissolved in water and used to boil the corn.

  Cooking and Steeping:

  The corn kernels are boiled in the alkaline solution for a set amount of time, usually around an hour.

  The cooking time and soaking time are determined by the size of the corn kernels.

  After boiling, the corn is left to soak in the solution for several hours (8-12).

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• 
  @mikewick77(49)· 514d

  

  composition of super glue 502-ethyl cyanoacrylate

  https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrile

  https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethyl_cyanoacetate

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• 
  @mikewick77(49)· 528d

  

  

  Trigonelline Nicotinate Methylnicotinate (NM) Methyltransferase

  One-Carbon Group Transferase Nicotinate (N) Sulfate (S) Methyltransferase Adenosyl (Adenosine) S-Adenosyl Methionine
  N-Methyl Nicotinate (NM)

  Eicosanoid Prostaglandin

  Nicotinamidase Nicotinate Phosphoribosyltransferase Magnesium Dependent

  Pyridine Alkaloid Fenugreek Coffee Bean Pumpkin Seed Nikomet Prostaglandin Pathway  Prostaglandin D2 Prostaglandin DP2 Receptor

  https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Methyl-nicotinate

  NRF2, a Transcription Factor for Stress Response and Beyond

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7369905/

  Niacin modulates depressive-like behavior in experimental colitis through GPR109A-dependent mechanisms

  https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0024320523006392

  Recent Developments and Challenges in the Enzymatic Formation of Nitrogen–Nitrogen Bonds

  https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acscatal.4c05268

  compounds containing N–N bonds, mainly aromatic or nonaromatic heterocycles, because of their diverse range of antiviral, antibacterial, antimalarial and anticancer activities.

  Nucleotide Metabolism

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8247561/

  There are two kinds of nitrogen-containing bases: purines and pyrimidines.

  The chemistry of the vitamin B3 metabolome

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6411094/

  Upon high NA intake, excess NA is converted to nicotinuric acid, in phase 2 metabolic process conjugated to glycine.

  Trigonelline is N-methyl nicotinic acid, a catabolite found in tissues but less often measured and for which the physiological properties remain unexplored.

  Trigonelline reverses high glucose-induced proliferation, fibrosis of mesangial cells via modulation of Wnt signaling pathway

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8827266/

  Defining NAD(P)(H) Catabolism

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/15/13/3064

  Trigonelline is an NAD+ precursor that improves muscle function during ageing and is reduced in human sarcopenia

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s42255-024-00997-x

  Niacin Cures Systemic NAD+ Deficiency and Improves Muscle Performance in Adult-Onset Mitochondrial Myopathy

  https://www.cell.com/cell-metabolism/fulltext/S1550-4131(20)30190-X

  Trigonelline

  https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Trigonelline

  Nicotine

  https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/3-%281-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl%29pyridine

  Trigonelline and related nicotinic acid metabolites

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11101-014-9375-z

  Trigonelline prevents kidney stone formation processes by inhibiting calcium oxalate crystallization, growth and crystal-cell adhesion, and downregulating crystal receptors

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35367760/

  Overview to Pyridine Nucleotides

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3523884/

  The power to reduce: pyridine nucleotides – small molecules with a multitude of functions

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1798440/

  Pyridinecarboxylic Acid

  https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyridinecarboxylic_acid

  Methyltransferase

  https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methyltransferase

  Nicotinate N Methyltransferase

  https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotinate_N-methyltransferase

  Acetylserotonin Methyltransferase (ASMT)

  https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetylserotonin_O-methyltransferase

  Xanthine

  https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanthine

  ..

  When NAD+ picks up 2 hydrogen electrons it makes NADH. NADH has a special role generating ATP (energy) through the oxidation of food molecules.

  NADH is a coenzyme involved in the manufacture of energy in the Krebs or citric acid cycle. NADH is an important electron carrier. Niacin (nicotinic acid) is converted to nicotinamide (niacinamide), which is converted in the body to NAD. When NAD+ picks up 2 hydrogen electrons it makes NADH.

  ..

  Elucidation of the trigonelline degradation pathway reveals previously undescribed enzymes and metabolites

  https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1722368115

  Enhanced accumulation of trigonelline by elicitation and osmotic stresses in fenugreek callus culture

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11240-021-02055-w

  Risk Assessment of Trigonelline in Coffee and Coffee By-Products

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10146819/

  Inhibition of Key Digestive Enzymes Related to Diabetes and Hyperlipidemia and Protection of Liver-Kidney Functions by Trigonelline in Diabetic Rats

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3617660/

  Trigonelline, a naturally occurring alkaloidal agent protects ultraviolet-B (UV-B) irradiation induced apoptotic cell death in human skin fibroblasts via attenuation of oxidative stress, restoration of cellular calcium homeostasis and prevention of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress

  https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1011134419304476

  Immunomodulatory effects and potential clinical applications of dimethyl sulfoxide

  https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0171298519303729

  Amyloidosis has been treated with DMSO as it breaks down amyloid fibres into small subunits which are then excreted in the urine

  A Novel N-Methyltransferase in Arabidopsis Appears to Feed a Conserved Pathway for Nicotinate Detoxification

  https://academic.oup.com/plphys/article/174/3/1492/6117425?login=false

  ..

  nicotinate N-methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1.7) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction

  two substrates of this enzyme are S-adenosyl methionine and nicotinate, whereas its two products are S-adenosylhomocysteine and N-methylnicotinate.

  This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those transferring one-carbon group methyltransferases. 

  Stimulants Toxicity

  xanthine: caffeine, theophylline, and theobromine.

  Methylxanthines (methylated xanthines), which include caffeine, aminophylline, IBMX, paraxanthine, pentoxifylline, theobromine, theophylline, and 7-methylxanthine (heteroxanthine).

  ..

  Prostaglandin D2

  https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostaglandin_D2

  Potential inhibitors of PGD2 synthase:

  Acteoside Amentoflavone Ricinoleic acid Rutin Hinokiflavone Vitamin K Vitamin D3

  ..

  methyl-nicotinate and Prostaglandin-D2

  methyl-nicotinate has been researched along with Prostaglandin-D2, and Schizophrenia

  https://www.chemdatabank.com/lists/compounds/compound-by-topic/methyl-nicotinate-and-Prostaglandin-D2.html

  Eicosanoid Arachidonic Acid 

  https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eicosanoid

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• 
  @mikewick77(49)· 537d

  

  

  Redox Chelation Enzyme Metabolism Detoxify

  OCM One-Carbon Metabolism Coenzyme-A Nitrogen Redox Enzyme

  Folate Serine 

  Folate Cycle Methionine Cycle

  Regulatory mechanisms of one-carbon metabolism enzymes

  https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021925823024857

  ..

  Folate C19H19N7O6

  NAC C5H9NO3S

  Niacin C6H5NO2

  Niacinamide C6H6N2O

  Inositol Niacinate C42H30N6O12

  Nicotinate C6H4NO2

  Inositol C6H12O6

  Dimethyl Sulfone C2H6O2S

  ..

  Melanins (good) C18H10N2O4

  Melatonin (good) C13H16N2O2

  Tryptophan C11H12N2O2

  Serotonin C10H12N2O

  Indoxyl Sulfate (Indican) C8H7NO4S

  Indoxyl Glucuronide C14H15NO7

  Indoxyl-Beta-D-Glucoside C14H17NO6

  ..

  A Mathematical Model of the Folate Cycle NEW INSIGHTS INTO FOLATE HOMEOSTASIS

  https://www.jbc.org/article/S0021-9258(18)66253-2/fulltext

  5-methyltetrahydrofolate (the “methyl trap”), high homocysteine concentrations.

  Toxic Medications

  Methotrexate

  https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methotrexate

  ..

  Overmethylation and Undermethylation: Case Study

  https://mthfr.net/overmethylation-and-undermethylation-case-study/2012/06/27/

  Methyl-Free vs. Methylated: Do you Need a Non-Methylated Supplement?

  https://support.seekinghealth.com/en-US/methyl-free-vs-methylated-do-you-need-a-non-methylated-supplement-996460

  Creatine and Creatinine Metabolism

  https://journals.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/physrev.2000.80.3.1107

  Creatine Creatinine Indoxyl Sulfate

  How the use of creatine supplements can elevate serum creatinine in the absence of underlying kidney pathology

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4170516/

  ..

  Methyl Doner Methylation Methylfolate Methylcobalamin

  The Biomedical Uses of Inositols: A Nutraceutical Approach to Metabolic Dysfunction in Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7554709/

  ..

  Uremic Toxins Uremic Salts Indoxyl Sulfate

  https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoxyl_sulfate

  Redefining Roles: A Paradigm Shift in Tryptophan–Kynurenine Metabolism for Innovative Clinical Applications

  https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/25/23/12767

  ..

  Stem Cell Regeneration

  Aloe Macroclada Blue Green Algae

  Kidney

  ..

  Stem Cell Coenzyme-A Histone Crotonylation

  N-acetylcysteine regulates dental follicle stem cell osteogenesis and alveolar bone repair via ROS scavenging

  https://stemcellres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13287-022-03161-y

  Vitamin C and B3 as New Biomaterials to Alter Intestinal Stem Cells

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6626554/

  ..

  Stem Cells Telomere Telomerase Telosome Shelterin

  MSC Mesenchymal Stem Cells

  HGH  Human Growth Hormone

  The contribution of growth hormone to mammary neoplasia

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2665193/

  Niacin in the Central Nervous System: An Update of Biological Aspects and Clinical Applications

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6412771/

  Niacin Cures Systemic NAD+ Deficiency and Improves Muscle Performance in Adult-Onset Mitochondrial Myopathy

  https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S155041312030190X

  ..

  CH3 Methyl Doner Single/One-Carbon

  Osmolyte

  ..

  NAM Methylation Nicotinamide Methylnicotinamide MNA 2PY 4PY Pyridone Indoxyl Sulfate Inositol Hexanicotinate Niacinate

  The Biochemical Pathways of Nicotinamide-Derived Pyridones

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7866226/

  The significance of NAD + metabolites and nicotinamide N-methyltransferase in chronic kidney disease

  https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0168365922008732

  Delivery of nitric oxide with a pH-responsive nanocarrier for the treatment of renal fibrosis

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-10476-6

  Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase: more than a vitamin B3 clearance enzyme

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5446048/

  An unusual nicotinamide derivative, 4-pyridone-3-carboxamide ribonucleoside (4PYR), is a novel endothelial toxin and oncometabolite

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s12276-021-00669-w

  Synthesis, Detection, and Metabolism of Pyridone Ribosides, Products of NAD Overoxidation

  https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.chemrestox.3c00264

  ..

  GPR109A Niacin Receptor 1 (NIACR1)

  Hydroxycarboxylic Acid Receptor 2

  https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxycarboxylic_acid_receptor_2

  Butyric Acid https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butyric_acid

  Trigonelline Methylated Niacin

  https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigonelline

  ..

  Niacin Nicotinic NAD ATP pH Alkaline 7 Enzyme Reactions

  Cell Life Versus Cell Longevity: The Mysteries Surrounding the NAD+ Precursor Nicotinamide

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2248696/

  ..

  Nitrogen into Nitric Oxide requires a Ph 7 to activate enzymes.

  Nician triggering enzyme reactions at more alkaline ph 7, makes mitochondria ATP & NAD, breaks up toxic acid buildup.

  Inositol Niacin buffered with a Methyl Carbon & pinch of Electrolyte Citrate-Buffered Minerals & Bicarbonate.

  DMSO/MSM helps with the coenzyme & metabolism, but needs much less then Niacin.

  trying to see if niacin contributions to many different things, and why.

  because Niacin Inositol is buffered with a Methyl, making it have both Methyl Doner & Nitrogen Doner.

  making it very similar to the Nitrogen that comes in rain water, exactly like DMSO/MSM as a Sulfur Doner, in the most natrual form.

  the Nitrogen in the simplest form is doing is a Heterocycle scaffolding linking Methyl Carbon lattice assembly into DNA & muscles.

  apparently its the Nitrogen with Carbon that builds the framework of the body tissues.

  Trigonelline is Methylated Niacin, found in Fenugreek & Coffee bean.

  it appears almost identical to the Niacin Inositol, excess Niacin is converted into Trigonelline.

  Trigonelline reverses Sarcopenia (muscle loss).

  Niacin is the smallest vitamin & most effective Nitrogen N-Donor, and just needs a CH3 Methyl attached & its basically Trigonelline.

  ..

  Honey 70% Castor 10% Niacin 5% MSM 5% Citrus 5% Minerals 5%

  apparently health all to do with Amino Acids, instead of supplementing 20 different amino acid powders, hotrod honey to duplicate them.

  its very complex biology & chemistry, but apparently its all about Amino, and not in the way science explains it, they totally missed something & its very difficult to explain.

  the reason Niacin both helps & makes worse, is because its not buffered correctly, and eventually just make more inflammation.

  it literally needs to be buffered onto exactly what the healthy cell wants.

  the Ph significantly changes how the Nitrogen of Niacin reacts, acidic is hot flushing, alkaline is cooling calming.

  but this does not apply to raw supliments in pill or powder, it seems needs this foaming reaction with the honey & MSM.

  last night & this morning, what is usually a kind of slow flushing feeling threw out the day, is now a cooling & calm effect.

  this was a success in transforming the flush into something that feels like its actually doing something good.

  i really hate Niacin fluch, always have, but keep pushing along regardless, because something kept nagging me to power on.

  Niacin is documented to be drastically altered with high Ph, and its true.

  the honey was giving me a few unusual feeling symptoms, then it occured to me to match up with the target ..

  nicotinamide riboside nad overdose symptoms

  its identical, the side effects are a positive confirmation, on the correct path.

  ..

  the idea that Niacin can act as a Nitrogen Donor, in the same way Betaine acts a Methyl & Glycine Donor for proto-Amino Acids, along with DMSO for Coenzyme-A & Glutathione, plus the addition of Glucose from Honey to build all the levels of Amino Acids into Protein.

  the idea is to use something like Niacin just as a Nitrogen source, Betaine CH3 Methyl source replaced by Honey (C) & Oil (H).

  making a complete Amino Acid repository for all biological functions.

  testing Niacin with Honey, Alkaline & Castor Oil.

  i want to see if the Glucose is absolutely required with Nitrogen to manufacture Amino Acids into muscle & energy metabolism.

  how i figured it out was just Niacin alone knocked out my Methyl, so then tried using MSM/DMSO to Dimethyl Sulfate to replace the missing Methyl, but then that knocked out the Nitrogen from the Niacin, ultimately both are needed but a Glucose or Sugar is required to maintain the Aminos & Protein, with an Oil to make Methyl.

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• 
  @mikewick77(49)· 545d

  DSS

  DSS

  https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/substance/135030727

  https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/substance/135030727#section=2D-Structure

  Dextran Sulfate Sodium Salt, MW 40,000 is a polyanionic derivative of Dextran Polymer, produced by the esterification of Dextran with Chlorosulphonic Acid

  One of the primary mechanisms by which DSS exhibits antiviral activity is by blocking the attachment of viruses to host cells. DSS binds to viral surface proteins or cellular receptors, preventing the initial interaction required for viral entry. This has been particularly effective against viruses such as HIV, herpes simplex virus (HSV), and human papillomavirus (HPV).

  ..

  tried a new test today, and its definitely doing things very quickly.

  Honey, MSM & Potassium Citrate (with a neutral pH).

  kind of trying to duplicate DSS Dextran Sulfate Sodium, without the Sodium.

  the idea is ATP & everything Mitochondria is from Glucose into Amino Acid.

  wondering if Vinegar & Citric Acid are (post) carbohydrate, makes it not a viable Mitochondria food, because its already been flipped over?

  meaning, how Diabetes & Kidneys seem to go together, and are problems with Sugars & Potassium, but if a Sulfate is introduced, will it make ATP & Coenzyme-A?

  the idea that pH needs to always be neutral, and Sulfate makes Sugar & Potassium more digestible?

  honey & msm are almost instantly metabolized, and thats exactly what it felt like, and it took the Potassium for a quick ride.

  it was directly affecting my injuries, took a rest to feel the effects.

  looking at the onle similar compound is Glucosamine Sulfate Potassium Chloride is used for osteoarthritis.

  directly connected to Ligaments, Tendons, Bone Marrow.

  the idea is to feed Mitochondria instead of fight it?

  ..

  couple interesting things about Sulfur has a powerful Oxygen attraction, is why it an antioxidant is because it gathers up all the free radical Oxygen ROS.

  Sulfur without an Oxygen molecule are always toxic chemicals.

  Alkaline Salt allow Sulfur to be heated up without evaporating.

  ..

  saponification chemical reaction fatty acids salts glycerol palmitate

  Palmitic Acid Triglyceride Hydrocarbon Chain Length

  Phospholipid Cell Membranes Acetylcholine Anticholinesterase Acetylcholinesterase Coenzyme-A (acetyl-CoA) Choline (Bitartrate Chloride)

  DMSO induced histamine release from mast cells.

  ..

  Methylsulfonylmethane: Applications and Safety of a Novel Dietary Supplement

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5372953/

  ..

  Chondroitin Sulfate

  Chondroitin Sulfate is a sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG)

  A chondroitin chain can have over 100 individual sugars, each of which can be sulfated in variable positions and quantities. Chondroitin sulfate is an important structural component of cartilage.

  ..

  Chondroitin sulphate inhibits connective tissue mast cells

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1572430/

  The Potential use of Honey as a Remedy for Allergic Diseases

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7870997/

  The endothelial glycocalyx: composition, functions, and visualization

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1915585/

  The effect of N-acetylcysteine supplementation on endothelial function

  https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667268523000578

  N-acetylcysteine attenuates the decline in muscle Na+,K+-pump activity and delays fatigue during prolonged exercise in humans

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1995650/

  N-acetylcysteine-induced vasodilation involves voltage-gated potassium channels in rat aorta

  The Biomedical Uses of Inositols: A Nutraceutical Approach to Metabolic Dysfunction in Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7554709/

  https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0024320509000988?via%3Dihub

  High-level expression of an acetaldehyde dehydrogenase

  https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0717345823000040

  Coenzyme A, Acyl Carrier Protein and Functionally Related Molecules

  https://lipidmaps.org/resources/lipidweb/lipidweb_html/lipids/simple/coA/index.htm

  ..

  Optimal K+ concentration of recombinant enzyme

  It has been reported that the catalytic activity of acetaldehyde dehydrogenase is influenced by K+ (Potassium) concentration.

  Acetaldehyde dehydrogenases are dehydrogenase enzymes which catalyze the conversion of acetaldehyde into acetyl-CoA (Sulfate).

  ..

  Inositol Hexanicotinate Nicotinate IHN (Hexopal)

  Hexopal, which is therapeutically indicated for the symptomatic relief of severe intermittent claudication and Raynaud’s phenomenon.

  Cilostazol

  ..

  Acetaldehyde Dehydrogenase

  Fomepizole (Nitrogen) Disulfiram (Sulfur)

  ..

  Methionine Nitrogen/Sulfur Methyl Doner Royal Honey Queen Bee

  https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methionine

  ..

  Methionine Sulfoximine (MSX)

  Short-term inhibition of glutamine synthetase leads to reprogramming of amino acid and lipid metabolism in roots and leaves of tea plant

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6794879/

  https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methionine_sulfoximine

  https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfilimine

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• 
  @mikewick77(49)· 549d

  DMSO Represses Inflammatory Cytokine Production from Human Blood Cells and Reduces Autoimmune Arthritis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4816398/

  Regulation of coenzyme A levels by degradation: the ‘Ins and Outs’

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7234920/

  Coenzyme A, protein CoAlation and redox regulation in mammalian cells

  https://www.sciencedirect.com/org/science/article/pii/S1470875218000946

  ..

  ATP Adenosine Triphosphate

  NAD Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide

  PANK Pantothenate Kinase

  Brain NAD Is Associated With ATP Energy Production and Membrane Phospholipid Turnover in Humans

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7772416/

  PANK

  https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantothenate_kinase

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• 
  @mikewick77(49)· 553d

  ENOS Endothelial NOS

  DHT Dihydrotestosterone

  Endothelial Endothelin

  https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endothelial_NOS

  https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endothelin

  https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihydrotestosterone

  https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endothelial_NOS

  https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chondroitin_sulfate

  https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteoglycan

  https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycosaminoglycan

  https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitazoxanide

  https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-amino_acid_oxidase

  https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-Amino_acid

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• 
  @mikewick77(49)· 555d

  Sulfhydryl Redox of Thiols NAD/NADH Ratio Redox Potential Proton Tunneling NAD(P)H Enzyme Dehydrogenase Ubiquitin Quinone Coenzyme-A Coenzyme‐Q CoQ10 PQQ Protoplasm Cytosol Liquid Inside Cells Gilbert Ling

  Quinone: A Scientific Overview 

  https://www.healthydirections.com/articles/general-health/quinone-overview

  Sulfhydryl Groups in Biology: Chemistry, Functions, and Applications

  https://biologyinsights.com/sulfhydryl-groups-in-biology-chemistry-functions-and-applications/

  ..

  https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubiquitin

  https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoplasm

  https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytosol

  ..

  Sodium Sulfate

  https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_sulfate

  ..

  Steroid Cholesterol Sulfate Potassium Extracellular Efflux

  Potassium Cholesteryl Sulfate

  https://www.cosmacon.de/en/glossary/potassium-cholesteryl-sulfate/

  The proportion of cholesterol in the extracellular matrix is about 30 per cent; in addition, there are 25 per cent fatty acids, 40 per cent ceramides and 5 per cent cholesteryl sulfate.

  Skin Barrier Sphingolipid

  Ceramide VS Sphingomyelin

  https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramide

  https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphingomyelin

  Substances known to induce ceramide generation:

  Gamma Interferon Ionizing Radiation Vitamin D Cannabinoids Anandamide Niacinamide Homocysteine Reactive Oxygen Species

  ..

  Sphingolipids in metabolic disease: The good, the bad, and the unknown

  https://www.cell.com/cell-metabolism/fulltext/S1550-4131(21)00276-X

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• 
  @mikewick77(49)· 570d

  https://www.vernoncoleman.com/main.htm

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• 
  @mikewick77(49)· 572d

  

  

  

  

  Acetyl-CoA

  

  Acetyl-CoA Ascorbic Ascorbate Citric Citrate Sulfur Sulfate Oxalate Oxaloacetate

  CoA Thioester Palmitoyl Protein Thioesterase (PPT) Lysosomal Thioesterase Pantetheine Pantetheinase

  HGSNAT

  Heparan Sulfate Acetyl-CoA (Coenzyme-A) Glucosaminide N-Acetyl Transferase

  ..

  https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coenzyme_A

  https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetyl-CoA

  https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citrate_synthase

  https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfonium

  https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ylide

  https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxaloacetic_acid

  https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heparan_sulfate

  https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amyloid-beta_precursor_protein_secretase

  https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysosomal_storage_disease

  ..

  Exploring Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans as Mediators of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cell Neurogenesis

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10571-024-01463-8

  TUBULIN DEACETYLASE NDST3 MODULATES LYSOSOMAL ACIDIFICATION: IMPLICATIONS IN NEUROLOGICAL DISEASES

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9829454/

  SAM ATP Sulfate Cofactor Acetyl-CoA B & C Synthesis

  Structural similarities between SAM and ATP recognition motifs and detection of ATP binding in a SAM binding DNA methyltransferase

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10724544/

  Trivalent Sulfonium Ion Acetyl Thioester

  Eight Kinetically Stable but Thermodynamically Activated Molecules that Power Cell Metabolism

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5831524/

  ..

  http://www.itmonline.org/arts/sulfa.htm

  ..

  https://www.beyondmthfr.com/side-high-oxalates-problems-sulfate-b6-gut-methylation/

  The Novel Role of Mitochondrial Citrate Synthase and Citrate in the Pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s Disease

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10473122/

  The Basics of Thiols and Cysteines in Redox Biology and Chemistry

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4355186/

  Introduction: What we do and do not know regarding redox processes of thiols in signaling pathways

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4415879/

  Regulation of coenzyme A levels by degradation: the ‘Ins and Outs’

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7234920/

  ..

  Redox Biology of Thiols

  Thiolate Thiyl Radical Lactone

  Reducing Agent Redox Hydrogen Oxygen Thiol Thiolate Thiyl Radical Acetyl Cysteine

  Ascorbic C6H8O6

  Citric C6H8O7

  https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiyl_radical

  https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactone

  ..

  GP41 glycoprotein 41 Disulfide Bond

  Covalent stabilization of coiled coils of the HIV gp41 N region yields extremely potent and broad inhibitors of viral infection

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1200264/

  Cytosolic sulfotransferase 1A1 regulates HIV-1 minus-strand DNA elongation in primary human monocyte-derived macrophages

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4765207/

  ..

  Pomegranate Urolithin

  https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urolithin_A

  Pomegranate derivative urolithin A enhances vitamin D receptor signaling to amplify serotonin-related gene induction by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7566096/

  ..

  Cholesterol Sulfate Calcitriol Vitamin D Acetyl-CoA Acetate

  Cholesterol Sulfate Alters Astrocyte Metabolism and Provides Protection Against Oxidative Stress

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6766416/

  Acyl-coenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferases

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2711667/

  A novel hypothesis for atherosclerosis as a cholesterol sulfate deficiency syndrome

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4456713/

  eNOS Endothelial NOS

  https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endothelial_NOS

  https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91-Ketoglutaric_acid

  ..

  Exclusion Zone Phenomena in Water—A Critical Review of Experimental Findings and Theories

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7404113/

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• 
  @mikewick77(49)· 586d

  Potassium Citrate pH Between 7 and 9

  Importance of Stratum Corneum Acidification to Restore Skin Barrier Function in Eczematous Diseases

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10861303/

  Potassium, Magnesium, and Calcium: Their Role in Both the Cause and Treatment of Hypertension

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8109864/

  ..

  Gilbert Ling Raymond Damadian

  https://www.gilbertling.org/theories-and-publications.html

  Nano-protoplasm: the Ultimate Unit of Life

  Intercellular Potassium / Sodium Cardiac Glycoside
  Nano Protoplasm Water Structure Hydrophilicity Hydrophobicity Hormone Progesterone

  Red blood cell's cytoplasmic protoplasm, which comprises almost entirely of hemoglobin, water, K+ and ATP.

  ..

  Potassium Rubidium

  Selenium Tellurium

  NAC Selenium Potassium Polyphenol Terpine Castor

  https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-structure

  https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_selenide

  https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenium

  https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tellurium

  ..

  Selenium Tellurium

  Selenoenzyme Selenoprotein Selenocysteine Selenocystine Selenomethionine

  Selenium is a chemical element; it has the symbol Se and atomic number 34.

  It has various physical appearances, including a brick-red powder, a vitreous black solid, and a grey metallic-looking form. It seldom occurs in this elemental state or as pure ore compounds in Earth's crust.

  Selenium is found in metal sulfide ores, where it substitutes for sulfur. Commercially, selenium is produced as a byproduct in the refining of these ores.

  ..

  is Selenium doing something with Potassium & Sulfur?

  Flipping Anion & Cation?

  Anti-Structure Potassium Sulfate

  anti-structure, called the antifluorite structure, anions and cations are swapped.

  ..

  Selenium belongs to the category of redox nonmetals. Selenium is included in the same class with sulfur metalloids, which implies that selenium should be able to substitute for sulfur in biological complexes. As a congener of sulfur, selenium becomes part of a protein's structure as selenocysteine and selenomethionine, not as a selenium atom ligated directly to the protein as a prosthetic group. The former are the active cofactors in selenium enzymes.

  The biological significance of Se is predominantly dependent on its incorporation into the selenocysteine (Sec) for synthesis of selenoproteins (SePs), such as thioredoxin reductase family enzymes and glutathione peroxidase family enzymes.

  ..

  Methane, arsenic, selenium and the origins of the DMSO reductase family

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-67892-9

  N-Acetyl-l-cysteine Enhances the Effect of Selenium Nanoparticles on Cancer Cytotoxicity by Increasing the Production of Selenium-Induced Reactive Oxygen Species

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7254790/

  https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/selenium-ion

  Rubidium and potassium levels are altered in Alzheimer’s disease brain and blood but not in cerebrospinal fluid

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5109650/

  The increased potassium intake improves cognitive performance and attenuates histopathological markers in a model of Alzheimer's disease

  https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925443915002811

  ..

  Epidermal Barrier NHE1 Sodium-Proton Antiporter Stratum Corneum Corneodesmosome Corneocyte Lamellae Filaggrin (FLG) Ceramide

  Serine Protease (SP) Acidifying

  ..

  Sodium-Calcium Exchanger

  Potassium-Dependent Sodium-Calcium Exchanger

  Calcium-Activated Potassium Channel

  Paroxysmal Depolarizing Shift

  https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium-calcium_exchanger

  https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium-dependent_sodium-calcium_exchanger

  https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paroxysmal_depolarizing_shift

  https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium-activated_potassium_channel

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